Research report- Trditional training methods Paper

Report- Trditional training methods - Research Paper Example It is crucial that each member understands the role and responsibilities of the team and how each member should adjust with each other and work collaboratively as a team. The Six Sigma emphasise the importance of defining and applying team tools like brainstorming, multi-voting and other group problem discussion technique. It also teaches the importance of using an effective and most appropriate communication technique to prevent problems that may cause misunderstanding and may disrupt teamwork. Fulfilling this Six Sigma Greenbelt competency area is very essential in action learning to foster teamwork and bring about a working relationship that will help the organisation come up with workable solutions to a real problem in the organisation. Action Learning involves working in teams of 6-30 employees chosen from different divisions throughout the organisation to help find solutions to an existing problem in the organisation.

Claptons recording Essay Example for Free

Claptons recording Essay A distinct genre of music originated between 1890 and 1910 drawing from elements of African American music, and emerging ragtime and jazz and this genre came to be known as the blues. The main instruments of blues music are the guitar, piano, harmonica, along with violin, mandolin, string bass, trumpet, clarinet, saxophone, and the drum set. From the late 1950s, following the incorporation of electric bass and keyboards into blues ensembles and the ascendancy of electric lead guitar and soul blues singing, blues experienced a slowdown in its evolutionary development within the American black community. This halt also coincided with the growth of white interest and involvement in the blues. And soon a few white solo performers, such as John Hammond, Jr. , began to emerge as blues specialists (Moore, 2002). This provided great impetus in the growth of blues popularity among American whites and internationally. Most of these performers continued to work within established contemporary blues parameters or explored and re-created historical sounds, creating new songs, sometimes developing new themes to reflect a more modern lifestyle, and maintaining a high level of instrumental virtuosity (Moore, 2002). While rock and blues have historically always been closely linked, blues-rock as a distinct genre did not arise until the late 1960s. The genre was originally British, with artists like Alexis Korner and John Mayall forming bands. John Mayall started a band called The Bluesbreakers in 1963, and he was able to recruit a young British guitarist named Eric Clapton in 1965. Eric Clapton is a British guitarist, singer, and songwriter, specially noted for his virtuoso guitar playing and whose style is based on American blues as played by T-Bone Walker, B. B. King, Muddy Waters, and particularly Robert Johnson. Clapton was influential in the development of rock music in the 1960s, playing with the Yardbirds (1963–65), John Mayalls Bluesbreakers (1965–66), Cream (1966–68), Blind Faith (1969), and Derek and the Dominos (1970–71). His first solo recording, Eric Clapton, featuring the hit After Midnight, was released in 1970. In seclusion from 1971 while battling heroin addiction, he resurfaced in 1974 with 461 Oceanside Boulevard, which included a version of Bob Marleys I Shot the Sheriff. (Where’s Eric, 2006). Eric Claptons influences and upbringing played a huge role in his evolution as a blues musician. As a teenager, he was drawn to such blues masters as Big Bill Broonzy, Robert Johnson, Muddy Waters and Sonny Boy Williamson. Jamming in pubs and clubs, Eric soon joined the Yardbirds, a commercially performing group marked for great success. Eric Clapton left the band in 1965 and seeking a purer avenue to the blues, he briefly joined John Mayall The Bluesbreakers. Eric stayed for just one album and decided to break away mainly because the work rate imposed by Mayall left little time for fun. Moreover, Eric got bored of simply copying his blues heroes in John Mayalls band and felt it was time to turn his artistry into creativity. He also recognized a kindred spirit in Jack Bruce. In 1968 that Clapton formed Cream with Jack Bruce and Ginger Baker. This group showcased his talent at potent, extended guitar improvisations and produced vastly different original music including the hits White Room, Strange Brew and Sunshine of Your Love (Roberty, 1995) Eric Clapton, over the years has recorded many blues songs. But he always made it a point to provide benefit and credit to the original artists of blues music. Claptons recording of Skip James â€Å"Im So Glad†, was recorded when Clapton was a member of the power trio Cream. The credit obtained through this song was a huge help for original blues artist James; royalties from the recording paid Jamess medical expenses at a time when he was virtually destitute (Weissman, 2004). Cream folded two years later when Clapton left to form Blind Faith with Steve Winwood, Rick Grech and Ginger Baker. This group too did not last over a year and soon Clapton, in search of further freedom and expression recorded his debut solo album in 1970, joining forces with the American team of Delaney and Bonnie. It was then that he began to actively develop his vocal skills simultaneously working on the state of rock guitar, as part of Delaney and Bonnie Friends. He also worked with Derek and the Dominos, where, in the company of Duane Allman, he fashioned such enduring classics as Layla (Roberty, 1995). The early and mid-seventies was a time of great struggle for Eric Clapton as he battled with drug addiction. He had huge solo hits such as 461 Ocean Boulevard and also traveled a lot during this period. Albums in the mid-to-late 70s, such as ‘Theres One in Every Crowd’, E. C. Was Here and No Reason To Cry, were all Top 20 chart hits. It was an era defined by such Clapton-classics as Wonderful Tonight, I Shot the Sheriff,† Lay down Sally and the 1978 release â€Å"Slowhand†. Clapton began an amazing run of gold and platinum successes that continue to this day. Claptons place in music history had long since been assured but it is important to note that his popularity was largely due to his strong adherence to total musical integrity, which brought him, time and again, back to the basics of the blues. Recently Eric Clapton on the success of his blues album â€Å"The Cradle† has said: The bones of this thing are coming from inside me and my need to pay back all these people that I heard from Day One†. In this latest album, he has paid tribute to blues gurus such as Robert Johnson, Lowell Fulsom, Elmore James, Willie Dixon and the inimitable Muddy Waters. Thus, whether playing electric or acoustic, Eric Clapton remains the quintessential blues guitarist. Bibliography: Wheres Eric! (2006), A Brief Biography of Eric Clapton. Issue 39. http://www. ericclaptonfaq. com/biography-ecs-life-career/clapton-biography-mother-father-grandparents-wife-children-son-daughter-addiction-. html Moore, Allan (2002). The Cambridge Companion to Blues and Gospel Music. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, England. 2002. Weissman, Dick (2004). Blues: The Basics. Routledge Publishers. New York. 2004 Eric Clapton: Blues You Cant Loose. http://www. iem. ac. ru/clapton/ Roberty, Marc (1995). The complete guide to the music of Eric Clapton. Omnibus Press. 1995.

Genetic Engineering and Eugenics :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Genetic Engineering and Eugenics      The idea of genetic engineering has been a very heated topic of discussion lately. The possibilities of this topic range from cloning to gene therapy and eugenics. The most recent type, eugenics through gene therapy has created a lot of controversy. Eugenics is the study of how to improve human genetic heritage. This basically is the engineering of babies. The thought of these new designer babies raises many new questions. What are the consequences of these advances? Is it right to design an embryo in a certain way to make it into what the parents want it to be? These are just a couple of the very important questions raised by this issue. As the debate to whether eugenics should be allowed   rages on, the technology comes closer to making this possibility into a reality.    The way in which this new technology will be used is by correcting genetic problems in embryos. Extensive DNA testing will soon be able to show awaiting parents an accurate view of their embryoà ­s genes. This will allow any defects of the child to be seen. If the unborn child is perfectly healthy, no changes will be made. If a problem is spotted, the parents may turn to abortion or gene therapy. Gene therapy is the treatment of genetic diseases by introducing genetic material into the patientà ­s genes. This new process of having children where the parents decide what type of child they will have is called genetic counseling. This process will be able to not only identify health issues, but also personality traits. This is another topic that raises an interesting controversy. It allows a baby to be designed to the specific desires of the parent. The presents the question of: who is to say what another person should be like? Instead of a person's individuality being cre ated naturally it will be molded by science. Some might say that this amazing process would create some of the greatest humans that will lead mankind into the future. Others might say that genetic engineering would destroy what could be a great person by changing their personality, removing trying health situations that build character, or aborting a person before they are born.

John Rawls Ethical Theory Essay

On February 21 on the year 1921 a man who’s in the future will be regarded as a prominent philosopher John Rawls in Baltimore Maryland was born. He graduated in Kent School in 1939; Rawls completed BA at Princeton University and received in here his Ph. D. in 1950. Great American Political Philosopher John Rawls was highly considered as an important person at the time, as the most prominent liberalisms’ advocate. He was also working as a Professor at Harvard University in his field of expertise, in the field of Political Philosophy. Rawls’ theory that often calls â€Å"justice as fairness† and its concepts presented in 1971 Theory of Justice, his primary published book. He is also the creator of 1993 Political Liberalism that means distinctive things into different people and The Law of Peoples in 1999. It presents a non-historical or hypothetical variation on the social contract theory. In the said theory, it declares that agents are making a balanced and rational social decision following a certain rule at the rear of â€Å"veil of ignorance†. The said theory makes them able to prevent from knowing in progress what condition and category they will hold. Rawls proclaimed that this method will be beneficial for all the citizens for it will surely produced a society in which the freedom of everyone embrace and their independence will be practiced. His proclamation also emphasized that this will maximize for the entire nation and social disparity will only happen when the circumstances prove that it will benefit a least favored constituents. In brief, what he has done is to combine the very strong principle of social and economic equality. In the issue entitled â€Å"When is creating a turnover situation the right thing to do†, the author, â€Å"MEK†, tells the story an employee who is really doing quite well in the job. However, it is also said that the employer of the said employee although willing to keep him for the job, is not willing and interested in making such investment for the development of the employee’s career. â€Å"MEK† also tells his story in regarding his past employer. In order to understand the situation let me first give a summary of the story. MEK once work as a shift supervisor in a certain company. By that time, the operations manager is really skilled not only in the job but as a leader too. After some time, the shift manager was promoted leaving MEK in charge of the vacant position. MEK works as acting operations manager for about 4 months and it can be said that he is doing a great job with increase in the sales and low turnovers during his time as the operations manager. Suddenly, after more than 160 days of working in the said position, it is said that he is to be replace by fresh graduate of BA degree. The said replacement had absolutely no experience in running a business. MEK is even asked to train the person who is to replace him. Thus, MEK was in actuality upset and decided not to work in the company to any further extent. The presence of ethical issue can be seen in this story. And this presence of issue can be resolved and accomplished using a concept formulated by John Rawls in what appear to us and popularly known as the â€Å"justice of fairness†. According to Rawls, two conditions must be satisfied for social and economic inequalities. First, fair equality of opportunity must be given when it comes to positions and as well as offices that are often to all who can be considered under condition. Second, it has to benefit those that are considered least advantage member of the society. Applying Rawls’s concept in the case of MEK, it can be said that MEK has the right remain as the operation manager of the said company. It can be said that MEK was not given equal opportunity because the company based their decision on the educational attainment of the individual (which is the main basis for most companies), something that MEK lacks. However, MEK had proven that although he does not have a BA degree, he is still able to do the job. Thus, applying Rawls concept in the situation, it would had been in goodwill and favor of MEK. Aside from what had been mentioned earlier, there had also been several concepts of Rawls that are considered of great value and importance in political philosophy. It is believed that John Rawls made an important contribution in the said field. Rawls’s work not only attracted the attention of those who are interested and are in the field of philosophy but many other fields as well such as political scientist, economist and even legal scholars and theologians. This only proves that his ideology is well known and regarded as one of the best if not the best. Among all of the works of Rawls, his books of Justice as fairness, his original position, the reflective equilibrium, Rawls’ overlapping consensus, and public relations are the ones that had been given and receive extensive attentions. Rawls is regarded as unique among political philosophers in the contemporary time. Ethics involves the study of norms and values in particular action knowing what is right or wrong and the consequences of it weather bad or good and character virtue and this practices are importance in the fields of governance as well as in business world. Ethics aim was to provide a systematic explanatory account and inquiry that the people may actually have. The use of ethics in business and government world also imply public policy as a way of balancing or weighing relevant considerations usually identified by principles of common use. In my personal opinion, I also believe that in today’s business and government world study of ethics is of great value. In business, ethics examined moral and ethical problems that can arise and take it’s place in a business environment. Through this study, they will able to trace how the corporations conduct business, hold both within and outside workers of the company. Through this company can strengthens its relationship with the employees how they can manage and treat every member the right and most effective way, or workplace ethics, they can also formulate a proper governance, and make policies, decision making, appropriate techniques and understanding individual behavior. In the case of governance, it creates a leadership process and social responsibility to be able to administer and process the system. And so the governance for the organization, like a government would include such common feature such as a clear mission, a good responsibility, accountability, transparency, stewardship, flexibility, representation and most of all they may acquire success. The fulfillment of the organizations mission is a paramount concern be it to make profits do good works or act as a government.

Antibiotics

After suffering a lot of devastating epidemic attacks and mass deaths, humanity invented antibiotics and started applying them against known bacterial diseases. Using antibiotics for the last 6 decades, we are now facing the results of the process caused by genetic changes and mutations in bacteria. This can be explained by one of the basic principles of evolution: natural selection, which suggests that the fittest and the strongest survive, and the weakest disappear. Bacteria are one-celled organisms, which are very vulnerable to mutations. It is known that the most of the mutations affect the organisms. But certainly, there are some chances of positive outcomes of mutations as well. Mitosis of bacteria is a very fast process, which brings to rapid growth of the population. Having such huge number of bacteria, the chances of positive mutation are higher, therefore, more and more bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics treatment. Nowadays, different types of pathogen bacteria can already survive the existing antibiotics, and using an excessive amount of antibiotics we dramatically fastened the process of natural selection in bacteria evolution. This situation threatens the effectiveness of traditional treatment methods to bacterial diseases. That is why world scientists are facing the necessity of searching for new antibiotics, either modifying the known ones or looking for something absolutely different. According to the research of the Harvard School of Public Health, in 2005 â€Å"..more than 40% of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains in the United States could resist both penicillin and erythromycin† (Powledge, 2004). The other researches, based on mathematical modeling, show that in the nearest future more and more species of bacteria will be able to resist old antibiotics. Therefore, if no new antibiotics are available, we’ll become totally unprotected against hard diseases, like tuberculosis, etc. Bibliography: Powledge, T. M. (2004, February 17). New Antibiotics—Resistance Is Futile. PLoS Biol 2(2): e53

Boston Tea Party essays

Boston Tea Party essays The Boston Tea Party was one of the greatest rebellions in the United States history. The Townshend Revenue Act was installed in 1767 as a last resort to rise the revenue from the American colonies. This act was created by the British Parliament due to close of the Seven Years War. Its author, the president of the Board of Trade, Charles Townshend had laid this plan to scheme colonial taxation aside. In September 1767 Townshend died suddenly and Lord North succeeded him. Tensions grew in Boston over the tax on tea and several boycotts had been tried. Patriots were distress and started to organize protests and attacks. Samuel Adams, Alexander McDougall, Charles Thompson, and Paul Revere some of the first and principal patriots that were involved in the organizations that sprung up in Boston. The Sons of Liberty as they were called did several things in the fight for independence. The Dartmouth was the first tea hauling vessel to dock in the Boston Harbor. On December 2, the second tea filled vessel, the Eleanor docked at Boston Harbor. The third tea ship from the East India Company, the Beaver, was transporting smallpox so it was docked off of Rainsfords Island to be cleaned and smoked. It finally joined the other ship on December 15. Another English tea ship, the William, was due to come in but the vessel had come ashore at Cape Cod with salvable payload but the vessel was totally lost. The Dartmouth and the Eleanor were both carrying 114 chests of tea from the East India Company. And the Beaver was carrying 112 chest of tea. The three ships carried all together 342 chests of tea, about 90,000 pounds, worth about 9,000 pounds sterling. On December 16, 1773 some of the men who were involved with the organization divided up into three groups and dressed as Indians. All together there was thirty to sixty Indians or Mohawks as they were called. Revere led the group ...

Trilobites, the Dinosaurs of the Arthropod Family

Trilobites, the Dinosaurs of the Arthropod Family Tens of millions of years before the first dinosaurs walked the earth, another family of strange, distinctive, weirdly prehistoric-looking creatures, the trilobites, populated the worlds oceansand left an equally abundant fossil record. Heres a look at the ancient history of these famous invertebrates, which once numbered in the (literal) quadrillions. The Trilobite Family Trilobites were early examples of arthropods, a vast invertebrate phylum that today includes such diverse creatures as lobsters, cockroaches and millipedes. These creatures were characterized by three main body parts: the cephalon (head), thorax (body), and pygidium (tail). Oddly, the name â€Å"trilobite,† which means â€Å"three-lobed,† doesn’t refer to this animal’s top-to-bottom body plan, but to the distinctive three-part structure of its axial (left-to-right) body plan. Only the hard shells of trilobites are preserved in fossils; for that reason, it took many years for paleontologists to establish what these invertebrates soft tissues looked like (a key part of the puzzle being their multiple, segmented legs). The trilobites comprised at least ten separate orders and thousands of genera and species, ranging in size from less than a millimeter to well over two feet. These beetle-like creatures appear to have fed mostly on plankton, and they inhabited a typical array of undersea niches: some scavenging, some sedentary, and some crawling along the ocean bottom. In fact, trilobite fossils have been discovered in pretty much every ecosystem on hand during the early Paleozoic Era; like bugs, these invertebrates were quick to spread and adapt to various habitats and climatic conditions! Trilobites and Paleontology While trilobites are fascinating for their diversity (not to mention their alien appearance), paleontologists are fond of them for another reason: their hard shells fossilized very easily, providing a convenient â€Å"road map† to the Paleozoic Era (which stretched from the Cambrian, about 500 million years ago, to the Permian, about 250 million years ago). In fact, if you find the right sediments in the right location, you can identify the various geologic eras by the types of trilobites that appear in succession: one species may be a marker for the late Cambrian, another for the early Carboniferous, and so on down the line. One of the interesting things about trilobites is the Zelig-like cameo appearances they make in ostensibly unrelated fossil sediments. For example, the famous Burgess Shale (which captures the strange organisms that began to evolve on earth during the Cambrian period) includes its fair share of trilobites, which share the stage with bizarre, multi-segmented creatures like Wiwaxia and Anomalocaris. Its only the familiarity of trilobites from other fossil sediments that decreases their Burgess wow factor; they are not, on the face of it, any less interesting than their less-well-known arthropod cousins. They had been dwindling in numbers for a few tens of millions of years before then, but the last of the trilobites were wiped out in the Permian-Triassic  Extinction Event, a global catastrophe 250 million years ago that killed off more than 90 percent of the earths marine species. Most likely, the remaining trilobites (along with thousands of other genera of terrestrial and water-dwelling organisms) succumbed to a global plunge in oxygen levels, perhaps related to massive volcanic eruptions.

Heres Why Your College GPA Matters

Here's Why Your College GPA Matters In high school, you likely focused on getting good grades- and, consequently, having a high grade point average (GPA)- because you wanted to get into to college. But now that youve done that, you may be wondering, Does GPA matter in college? While this may seem like a simple question, it doesnt have a straightforward answer. In some situations, your college GPA can matter quite a bit; on the other hand, a GPA can mean nothing beyond whether or not you can graduate. Why Your GPA Matters in College There are many reasons you will want to maintain a good GPA in college. Ultimately, you will need to pass your classes in order to get your degree, which is the point of going to college in the first place. From that perspective, the answer is clear: Your GPA matters. If your GPA drops below a certain threshold, your school will send you a notice youve been  placed on academic probation  and tell you what steps to take in order to recover from it. Along the same lines, you may need to keep it at or above a certain level to keep your scholarships, other financial awards or loan eligibility. Additionally, things like academic honors, research opportunities, internships, and some classes have GPA requirements. Its always a good idea to ask your academic adviser about any GPA requirements you should be aware of, so you dont find out youre in trouble after its too late to fix it.   Do College Grades Matter for Jobs? Your GPA may or may not play an important role in your life after college- it depends on your post-graduate plans. For example, Graduate school admissions are very competitive, and youre required to put your GPA on an application. If youre interested in furthering your education but the damage to your GPA is already done, dont fret: Good scores on the GRE, GMAT, MCAT or LSAT could make up for a sub-par GPA. (Of course, getting into grad school will be a lot easier if you focus on maintaining a good GPA from the start of college.) Even if youre not thinking about more school, you should know some employers will ask you for your GPA when you apply for a job. In fact, there are companies- generally, large companies- who require applicants to meet the basic GPA requirement.   Beyond the aforementioned situations, theres a good chance your GPA may never again come up after graduation. In general, employers focus more on your level of education, not the grades that got you there, and theres no rule that says you  need  to put your GPA on your resume. The bottom line: Your college GPA is only as important as it is for your future plans. While you may not feel pressure to focus on maintaining a high GPA as you did in high school, theres no reason why you shouldnt work hard in your classes and succeed as best you can academically. You never know, after all, what jobs or graduate school programs you might end up applying for years after you graduate.

Petroleum - Chemical Composition, Formation, Technology used to Research Paper

Petroleum - Chemical Composition, Formation, Technology used to process, Products derived from petroleum, and History - Research Paper Example Petroleum powered nearly all conveyances, further it is used to generate electricity, and in making of paints, soaps, plastics, inks, and medicines, etc. Beyond any shadow of doubt today's world in incomplete without petroleum. However, petroleum cannot be used directly as a fuel or chemical producer because of its highly complex nature and presence of poisonous or corrosive impurities. Therefore, it is processed and refined to separate amalgams into simpler fractions that can be used as fuels, lubricants, or chemical producers. Tremendous growth and research is observed in the field of Petroleum due to its wide application, complex formation, structure, and refinement processing (â€Å"Petroleum†). Fomation of Petroleum Petroleum is originated from the debris of animal and plant i.e. perpetuated organic material, that’s why it is also known as a fossil fuel. Sea floor (oceanic anoxic events), Oxygen-minimum zones, and anoxic silled basins are the areas where organic ma terial can stockpile ("Petroleum Formation").  Ã‚  It is widely recognized because of low oxygen level organic material gets preserved i.e. prevents degradation. Kerogen (Tucker 262) a waxy substance is formed by the burial diagenesis of organic material. It believes high temperatures (50-80 oC)  is enough for developing the sedimented rocks and initiate the production of alkanes and cyclo-alkanes.  Ã‚  Subsequently, petroleum is formed by hydrocarbon pyrolysis on intense temperature and pressure. Oil window is the area, where the probability of petroleum production is highest, ordinally the temperature of the oil window is around 75-120 oC, and it located at a depth of 2-3.5 Km. Once the petroleum is generated, it is shifted to reservoir rocks from where it is collected. Unfortunately, the time required between the rock depositions to oil window, i.e. maturation period is not sorted out yet. However, generally it takes million of years. Among several factors behind petroleum generation, it believes that the significant quantity of oil may generate if burial time is huge even temperature is lower than required. For example, Paleozoic basins give rise to significant oil at 50 degrees Celsius while 115 oC are required for oil production via the younger Mio-Pliocene basins at nearly the identical burial depth. In addition to, it is observed that Paleozoic source rocks developed during the Cretaceous times, due to large tectonic activity occurring (Tissot, and Welte 699). Composition of Petroleum Hydrocarbon, non-hydrocarbon (S, O, N, etc.), organometallic compounds and inorganic salts are the constituent of petroleum ("Petroleum composition"). Hydrocarbon: Principal constituent of petroleum is the hydrocarbon; closely all types of hydrocarbon are present in petroleum. Alkenes and alkyne are the only two hydrocarbons which  are  not present in petroleum. Following  is the major classes of hydrocarbons present in petroleum. 1. Alkanes It is saturated hy drocarbon and also recognized as paraffins.  Ã‚  Generally, alkanes are symbolized by a formula CnH2n+2.  It is  present in a dissolved state within the petroleum. 2. Cycloparaffins It is saturated hydrocarbon and also known as napthenes, present in crude oil. However, its ratio is dependent on the type of petroleum. The lower members of naphthenes are cyclopentane, cyclohexane, and

Training Budget Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Training Budget - Essay Example The training will start by various preparations so that everything to be in order and will involve both the junior and senior employees in an attempt to nature the young lads towards the management positions and is destined to last for a period of three to four weeks with a view of extension in case the achievement will not have been met. The training will be conducted in venues where the company will deem fit and which is convenient for all staffs. The company will be liable for the transportation costs as from the work station to the training venue where any other travel expense the member pays for her/himself. Participants are estimated to be in the region of 100 members where each person is expected to be provided with an allowance per day so as to motivate the staffs. The company’s cost is also expected to increase as the members will have to be provided with breakfast and lunch. Training will be undertaken by hiring qualified personnel in the management sector in the presence of few feds agents and they will be compensated after the end of the training. The training will be conducted by use of various stationaries. The organization have to purchase for each staff the necessary materials to help them take the analysis in a better way. There would be also hiring of an extra person or acquiring a translator in cases of language barrier to ease communications (Valenti, 2003). Presentation by the trainer is to be done with PowerPoint to make it more clear and employing sound audio systems so that the training can be done in a more effective way. There will be a post-training costs and for the successful implementation of the gains derived from the training facility as without doing so, the training would be useless. Hence a special team will be constituted to oversee the entire process hence making the organizations to incur extra costs (Valenti, 2003). Preparation costs are very useful as it provides

Websites search Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Websites search - Essay Example It is very helpful in the provision of details concerning family and community involvement in children programs. Fine: Family Involvement Network of Educators provided at Harvard Family Research Project (http://www.hfrp.org/) has a lot of resources and publications concerning family involvement that can be employed in classrooms for instructing. The site is very supportive as it provides a lot of publications collectively at one place. National Coalition for Parent Involvement in Education (http://www.ncpie.org/) is an informative site that contains a lot of information regarding family and development, family-community organizations, family-education organizations and parents and families. This can be used for teaching in classrooms by reading and facilitating parents with the reading material. National Center for Family and Community Connections with Schools (http://www.sedl.org/connections/) contains family and community based researches and practical works informing about how students at schools can be supported by families and communities. It will be helpful in classroom instructions because it contains a huge collection of resources concerning family and community connections with schools. LDonline (http://www.ldonline.org/educators) is a website that gives detailed data related to disability and ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder). The site is very useful in terms of its informative material. The site is rich with information concerning learning about disabilities and ADHD. Information can be retrieved from this site in order to help out students in terms of instruction concerning disabilities. BC Ministry of Education: Special Education (http://www.bced.gov.bc.ca/specialed/) contains resource documents and policies concerning education of special children. Hence, this site contains a huge amount of data of resource documents concerning students with disabilities. The information provided at this site can be

Is a philosophical science of metaphysics, such as Descartes, still Essay

Is a philosophical science of metaphysics, such as Descartes, still possible after Humes Enquiry concerning Human Understanding - Essay Example There are certain things which can be studied through physical sciences but things which are only based upon human understanding and rationality are discussed and studied under the branch of philosophical science called metaphysics. Rene Descartes is one of the renowned scholars of modern philosophy. He is specifically known for his book ‘Meditation on First Philosophy’ in which he presented his in-depth views about metaphysics. The three most important aspects discussed in his philosophical debate are the mind, body and the existence of God (Descartes). The concepts of metaphysics presented by Descartes were widely acknowledged for a long time period because the book raises questions regarding God and the soul while seeking logical answers and truth on the basis of reasoning (Descartes). However, in 1748 another philosopher named David Hume published his book ‘An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding’ which proved to be a remarkable addition in the field of philosophy (Hume). This is primarily because of the fact that Hume’s work challenged Descartes. However, until today Hume’s work could not reduce the worth of Descartes’ philosophies. This paper aims to argue that the philosophical science of metaphysics such as the one presented by Descartes is still possible after Hume’s Enquiry concerning Human Understanding. Here, it is important to comprehend that ever since the time period of Descartes the field of philosophy is distinguished on the basis of rationalist and empiricist. On one hand rationalists are more concerned about metaphysics and questions related to God, nature of substance, matter, soul etc. (Descartes). They primarily try to answer these questions through reasoning but on the other side empiricists have been more interested in epistemology. This is further associated with the idea of experiencing different things and gaining substantial knowledge regarding the world. It

Historical Systems of Power, Governance, and Authority Essay

Historical Systems of Power, Governance, and Authority - Essay Example The attitude of British rulers towards Indians fostered Hindu Muslim hatred. Indian nationalism was damaged by the discriminatory policy of British rulers. Undue favor to the Hindus at the start of British rule created lot of doubts and suspicions in Muslims’ mind. The situation changed when the British policy started favoring Muslims at the start of 20th Century. It resulted in fury and anger by Hindu population. Thus policy of British colonist helped them in extending their rule as the focus of Indian population was never on outside rulers instead they were focusing on each other. British rule also introduced political parties, which gave the impression of power and governance to the local population. This was a good tool to fool Indian population. The reality of political parties became evident when the proposed reforms by Indian political parties were hardly entertained by British parliament. Indian legislative assembly was not independent and could not make rules for itse lf. In fact all the legislation for India was done by British parliament. British rulers were aware of the fact that it would be difficult for them to rule a huge Indian population therefore they introduced some projects to indulge Indian population in those projects and made them subordinate.

Is a philosophical science of metaphysics, such as Descartes, still Essay

Is a philosophical science of metaphysics, such as Descartes, still possible after Humes Enquiry concerning Human Understanding - Essay Example There are certain things which can be studied through physical sciences but things which are only based upon human understanding and rationality are discussed and studied under the branch of philosophical science called metaphysics. Rene Descartes is one of the renowned scholars of modern philosophy. He is specifically known for his book ‘Meditation on First Philosophy’ in which he presented his in-depth views about metaphysics. The three most important aspects discussed in his philosophical debate are the mind, body and the existence of God (Descartes). The concepts of metaphysics presented by Descartes were widely acknowledged for a long time period because the book raises questions regarding God and the soul while seeking logical answers and truth on the basis of reasoning (Descartes). However, in 1748 another philosopher named David Hume published his book ‘An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding’ which proved to be a remarkable addition in the field of philosophy (Hume). This is primarily because of the fact that Hume’s work challenged Descartes. However, until today Hume’s work could not reduce the worth of Descartes’ philosophies. This paper aims to argue that the philosophical science of metaphysics such as the one presented by Descartes is still possible after Hume’s Enquiry concerning Human Understanding. Here, it is important to comprehend that ever since the time period of Descartes the field of philosophy is distinguished on the basis of rationalist and empiricist. On one hand rationalists are more concerned about metaphysics and questions related to God, nature of substance, matter, soul etc. (Descartes). They primarily try to answer these questions through reasoning but on the other side empiricists have been more interested in epistemology. This is further associated with the idea of experiencing different things and gaining substantial knowledge regarding the world. It

Has advertising helped to make men more self conscious about their Essay

Has advertising helped to make men more self conscious about their appearance Evaluate whether this might be a good or a bad thing - Essay Example The main reason for this is the amount of influence advertisements have on the society. There is no scope for doubt in the fact ‘advertising helped to make men more self conscious about their appearance’. When we go through the sales data of male oriented products world wide, we find a rapid shoot up in the business in the recent years. â€Å"In the United States, sales of male-specific cosmetics and toiletries went up 37.3 percent between 1998 and 2003, according to Euro monitor’s 2004 study, with total sales of such products hitting $3.8 billion in 2003†(as cited in http://www.naturalnews.com/005132.html). These sales would have multiplied many times by now. Many developing countries like India where men were least concerned about beauty matters have a men’s beauty parlor in every nook and corner offering the most modern beauty treatments. Metrosexuals are seen on all four sides and at least for some, feminity is substituting his macho man appearance. All pinks and bright oranges on a man are seen awkward though the guys are least co ncerned. He is too much conscious of how he looks and he is in front of the mirror whenever he can. It is still a debate if it is fair for the man to behave like a typical woman in his personal appearance matters. Not only does he takes care of his looks too much but also spends a huge amount of his earning on the same. For instance, let us check the sale details of Loreal Paris, the international cosmetic brand. â€Å"Together male perfumes and deodorant made up about two thirds of LOreals male cosmetic sales in 2007. The usage of male cosmetics has grown considerably over the last two decades. From 1990 to 2001, mens skincare usage increased from 4.5% to 21%. In addition, men skincare usage in Western Europe has increased about 28% between 2001 and 2005. Cosmetics companies have even began to penetrate the over-40 market, which is not as saturated as the

Social Justice Essay Example for Free

Social Justice Essay Social justice is defined as justice exercised within a society, particularly as it is exercised by and among the various social classes of that society. A socially just society is defined by its advocates and practitioners as being based on the principles of equality and solidarity; this pedagogy also maintains that the socially just society both understands and values human rights, as well as recognizing the dignity of every human being.[1][2] The Constitution of the International Labour Organization affirms that universal and lasting peace can be established only if it is based upon social justice. [3]Furthermore, the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action treats social justice as a purpose of the human rights education.[4] The term and modern concept of social justice was coined by the Jesuit Luigi Taparelli in 1840 based on the teachings of St. Thomas Aquinas and given further exposure in 1848 byAntonio Rosmini-Serbati.[1][2][5][6][7] The phrase has taken on a very controverted and variable meaning, depending on who is using it. The idea was elaborated by the moral theologian John A. Ryan, who initiated the concept of a living wage. Father Coughlin also used the term in his publications in the 1930s and the 1940s. It is a part of Catholic social teaching, the Protestants Social Gospel, and is one of the Four Pillars of the Green Partyupheld by green parties worldwide. Social justice as a secular concept, distinct from religious teachings, emerged mainly in the late twentieth century, influenced primarily by philosopher John Rawls. Some tenets of social justice have been adopted by those on theleft of the political spectrum. - Theories of social justice [edit]Social justice from religious traditions [edit]Judaism Main article: Tikkun olam In To Heal a Fractured World: The Ethics of Responsibility, Rabbi Jonathan Sacks states that social justice has a central place inJudaism. One of Judaism’s most distinctive and challenging ideas is its ethics of responsibility reflected in the concepts of simcha(gladness or joy), tzedakah (the religious obligation to perform charity and philanthropic acts), chesed (deeds of kindness), andtikkun olam (repairing the world). Christianity Catholicism Main article: Catholic social teaching Catholic social teaching consists of those aspects of Roman Catholic doctrine which relate to matters dealing with the collective aspect of humanity. A distinctive feature of the Catholic social doctrine is their concern for the poorest members of society. Two of the seven key areas[8] of Catholic social teaching are pertinent to social justice: * Life and dignity of the human person: The foundational principle of all Catholic Social Teaching is the sanctity of all human life and the inherent dignity of every human person. Human life must be valued above all material possessions. * Preferential option for the poor and vulnerable: Catholics believe Jesus taught that on the Day of Judgement God will ask what each person did to help the poor and needy: Amen, I say to you, whatever you did for one of these least brothers of mine, you did for me.[9] The Catholic Church believes that through words, prayers and deeds one must show solidarity with, and compassion for, the poor. The moral tes t of any society is how it treats its most vulnerable members. The poor have the most urgent moral claim on the conscience of the nation. People are called to look at public policy decisions in terms of how they affect the poor.[10] Even before it was propounded in the Catholic social doctrine, social justice appeared regularly in the history of the Catholic Church: * The term social justice was adopted by the Jesuit Luigi Taparelli in the 1840s, based on the work of St. Thomas Aquinas. He wrote extensively in his journal Civiltà   Cattolica, engaging both capitalist and socialist theories from a natural law viewpoint. His basic premise was that the rival economic theories, based on subjective Cartesian thinking, undermined the unity of society present in Thomistic metaphysics; neither the liberal capitalists nor the communists concerned themselves with public moral philosophy. * Pope Leo XIII, who studied under Taparelli, published in 1891 the encyclical Rerum Novarum (On the Condition of the Working Classes), rejecting both socialism and capitalism, while defending labor unions and private property. He stated that society should be based on cooperation and not class conflict and competition. In this document, Leo set out the Catholic Churchs response to the social instability and labor conflict that had arisen in the wake of industrialization and had led to the rise of socialism. The Pope advocated that the role of the State was to promote social justice through the protection of rights, while the Church must speak out on social issues in order to teach correct social principles and ensure class harmony. * The encyclical Quadragesimo Anno (On Reconstruction of the Social Order, literally in the fortieth year) of 1931 by Pope Pius XI, encourages a living wage, subsidiarity, and advocates that social justice is a personal virtue as well as an attribute of the social order, saying that society can be just only if individuals and institutions are just. * Pope John Paul II added much to the corpus of the Catholic social teaching, penning three encyclicals which would deal with issues such as economics, politics, geo-political situations, ownership of the means of production, private property and the social mortgage, and private property. The encyclicals of Laborem Exercens, Solicitudo Rei Socialis, and Centesimus Annus are just a small portion of his overall contribution to Catholic social justice. Pope John Paul II was a strong advocate of justice and human rights, and spoke forcefully for the poor. He addresses issues such as the problems that technology can present should it be misused, and admits a fear that the progress of the world is not true progress at all, if it should denigrate the value of the human person. * Pope Benedict XVIs encyclical Deus Caritas Est (God is Love) of 2006 claims that justice is the defining concern of the state and the central concern of politics, and not of the church, which has charity as its central social concern. It said that the laity has the specific responsibility of pursuing social justice in civil society and that the churchs active role in social justice should be to inform the debate, using reason and natural law, and also by providing moral and spiritual formation for those involved in politics. * The official Catholic doctrine on social justice can be found in the book Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church, published in 2004 and updated in 2006, by the Pontifical Council Iustitia et Pax. Methodism From its founding, Methodism was a Christian social justice movement. Under John Wesleys direction, Methodists became leaders in many social justice issues of the day, including the prison reform andabolitionism movements. Wesley himself was among the first to preach for slaves rights attracting significant opposition.[11][12][13] Today, social justice plays a major role in the United Methodist Church. The Book of Discipline of the United Methodist Church says, it is a governmental responsibility to provide all citizens with health care.[14] The United Methodist Church also teaches Population control as part of its doctrine.[15] Hinduism Ancient Hindu society was based on equality of all beings. However, to divide labor society divided itself into hundreds of tribes[Jati]. India was governed by people of non-Hindu faiths from the 8th century which caused ruptures in societal fabric. Caste is a word from the Portuguese word casta and caste came to define the jatis only 500 years ago. Considerable social engineering occurred during the British rule which impacted the societys self governance. There was some social injustice in which some jatis considered themselves superior to others (just as in the western societies). The present day jati hierarchy is undergoing changes for variety of reasons including social justice,which is a politically popular stance in democratic India. Institutionalized affirmative action has swung the pendulum. The disparity and wide inequalities in social behaviour to some of the jatis led to various reform movements in hinduism for centuries. While legally outlawed, the caste system remains s trong in practice, with social and employment opportunities strongly governed by ones caste of birth.[16] Vivekanandas calls to promote social justice have been largely heeded. Of course there is room for improvement as in the rest of the world. Islam | This section requires expansion. (July 2011)| The Quran contains numerous references to elements of social justice. For example, one of Islams Five Pillars is ZakÄ t, or alms-giving. Charity and assistance to the poor – concepts central to social justice – are and have historically been important parts of the Islamic faith. In Muslim history, Islamic governance has often been associated with social justice. Establishment of social justice was one of the motivating factors of the Abbasid revolt against the Umayyads.[17] The Shiite believe that the return of the Mahdi will herald in the messianic age of justice and the Mahdi along with the Messiah (Jesus) will end plunder, torture, oppression and discrimination.[18] For the Muslim Brotherhood the implementation of social justice would require the rejection of consumerism and communism. The Brotherhood strongly affirmed the right to private property as well as differences in personal wealth due to factors such as hard work. However, the Brotherhood held Muslims had an obligation to assist those Muslims in need. It held that zakat (alms-giving) was not voluntary charity, but rather the poor had the right to assistance from the more fortunate.[19] [edit]John Rawls Main article: John Rawls Political philosopher John Rawls draws on the utilitarian insights of Bentham and Mill, the social contract ideas of John Locke, and thecategorical imperative ideas of Kant. His first statement of principle was made in A Theory of Justice where he proposed that, Each person possesses an inviolability founded on justice that even the welfare of society as a whole cannot override. For this reason justice denies that the loss of freedom for some is made right by a greater good shared by others..[20] A deontological proposition that echoes Kant in framing the moral good of justice in absolutist terms. His views are definitively restated in Political Liberalism where society is seen as a fair system of co-operation over time, from one generation to the next..[21] All societies have a basic structure of social, economic, and political institutions, both formal and informal. In testing how well these elements fit and work together, Rawls based a key test of legitimacy on the theories of soc ial contract. To determine whether any particular system of collectively enforced social arrangements is legitimate, he argued that one must look for agreement by the people who are subject to it, but not necessarily to an objective notion of justice based on coherent ideological grounding. Obviously, not every citizen can be asked to participate in a poll to determine his or her consent to every proposal in which some degree of coercion is involved, so one has to assume that all citizens are reasonable. Rawls constructed an argument for a two-stage process to determine a citizens hypothetical agreement: * The citizen agrees to be represented by X for certain purposes, and, to that extent, X holds these powers as a trustee for the citizen. * X agrees that enforcement in a particular social context is legitimate. The citizen, therefore, is bound by this decision because it is the function of the trustee to represent the citizen in this way. This applies to one person who represents a small group (e.g., the organiser of a social event setting a dress code) as equally as it does to national governments, which are ultimate trustees, holding representative powers for the benefit of all citizens within their territorial boundaries. Governments that fail to provide for welfare of their citizens according to the principles of justice are not legitimate. To emphasise the general principle that justice should rise from the people and not be dictated by the law-making powers of governments, Rawls asserted that, There is a general presumption against imposing legal and other restrictions on conduct without sufficient reason. But this presumption creates no special priority for any particular liberty.[22] This is support for an unranked set of liberties that reasonable citizens in all states should respect and uphold — to some extent, the list proposed by Rawls matches the normative human rights that have international recognition and direct enforcement in some nation states where the citizens need encouragement to act in a way that fixes a greater degree of equality of outcome. The basic liberties according to Rawls * Freedom of thought; * Liberty of conscience as it affects social relationships on the grounds of religion, philosophy, and morality; * Political liberties (e.g. representative democratic institutions, freedom of speech and the press, and freedom of assembly); * Freedom of association; * Freedoms necessary for the liberty and integrity of the person (viz: freedom from slavery, freedom of movement and a reasonable degree of freedom to choose ones occupation); and * Rights and liberties covered by the rule of law. Criticism The concept of social justice has come under criticism from a variety ofperspectives. Many authors criticize the idea that there exists an objective standard of social justice. Moral relativists deny that there is any kind of objective standard for justice in general. Non-cognitivists, moral skeptics, moral nihilists, and most logical positivists deny the epistemic possibility of objective notions of justice. Cynics (such as Niccolà ² Machiavelli[citation needed]) believe that any ideal of social justice is ultimately a mere justification for the status quo. Many other people accept some of the basic principles of social justice, such as the idea that all human beings have a basic level of value, but disagree with the elaborate conclusions that may or may not follow from this. One example is the statement by H. G. Wellsthat all people are equally entitled to the respect of their fellowmen.[23] On the other hand, some scholars reject the very idea of social justice as meaningless, re ligious, self-contradictory, and ideological, believing that to realize any degree of social justice is unfeasible, and that the attempt to do so must destroy all liberty. Perhaps the most complete rejection of the concept of social justice comes from Friedrich Hayek of the Austrian School of economics: There can be no test by which we can discover what is socially unjust because there is no subject by which such an injustice can be committed, and there are no rules of individual conduct the observance of which in the market order would secure to the individuals and groups the position which as such (as distinguished from the procedure by which it is determined) would appear just to us. [Social justice] does not belong to the category of error but to that of nonsense, like the term `a moral stone.[24] Ben ONeill of the University of New South Wales argues that, for proponents of social justice:[25] the notion of rights is a mere term of entitlement, indicative of a claim for any possible desirable good, no matter how important or trivial, abstract or tangible, recent or ancient. It is merely an assertion of desire, and a declaration of intention to use the language of rights to acquire said desire. In fact, since the program of social justice inevitably involves claims for government provision of goods, paid for through the efforts of others, the term actually refers to an intention to useforce to acquire ones desires. Not to earn desirable goods by rational thought and action, production and voluntary exchange, but to go in there and forcibly take goods from those who can supply them! Janusz Korwin-Mikke argues simply: Either social justice has the same meaning as justice – or not. If so – why use the additional word social? We lose time, we destroy trees to obtain paper necessary to print this word. If not, if social justice means something different from justice – then something different from justice is by definition injustice' Sociologist Carl L. Bankston has argued that a secular, leftist view of social justice entails viewing the redistribution of goods and resources as based on the rights of disadvantaged categories of people, rather than on compassion or national interest. Bankston maintains that this secular version of social justice became widely accepted due to the rise of demand-side economics and to the moral influence of the civil rights movement.[26] Cosmic values Hunter Lewis work promoting natural healthcare and sustainable economies advocates for conservation as a key premise in social justice. His manifesto on sustainability ties the continued thriving of human life to real conditions, the environment supporting that life, and associates injustice with the detrimental effects of unintended consequences of human actions. Quoting classical Greek thinkers like Epicurus on the good of pursuing happiness, Hunter also cites ornithologist, naturalist, and philosopher Alexander Skutch in his book Moral Foundations: The common feature which unites the activities most consistently forbidden by the moral codes of civilized peoples is that by their very nature they cannot be both habitual and enduring, because they tend to destroy the conditions which make them possible.[27] Pope Benedict XVI cites Teilhard de Chardin in a vision of the cosmos as a living host [28] embracing an understanding of ecology that includes mankindss relationship to fellow me n, that pollution affects not just the natural world but interpersonal relations also. Cosmic harmony, justice and peace are closely interrelated: If you want to cultivate peace, protect creation.[29] - Social justice movements Social justice is also a concept that is used to describe the movement towards a socially just world, i.e., the Global Justice Movement. In this context, social justice is based on the concepts of human rights and equality, and can be defined as the way in which human rights are manifested in the everyday lives of people at every level of society.[30] A number of movements are working to achieve social justice in society.[31][32] These movements are working towards the realization of a world where all members of a society, regardless of background or procedural justice, have basic human rights and equal access to the benefits of their society. Interfaith Social Assistance Reform Coalition The Interfaith Social Justice Reform Coalition (ISARC) is Ontarios largest interfaith organization dedicated to faith-based approaches to public policy reform in the areas of social justice and poverty eradication. ISARC has a shared hope to mobilize, facilitate, and empower diverse faith communities to research, educate and advocate for public policy for the elimination of poverty in Ontario. ISARCs values include human dignity, social equity, mutual responsibility, fiscal fairness, economic equity and environmental sustainability. Since 1986, ISARC has been a leader in mobilizing faith communities to advocate for systemic change in the Province of Ontario, Canada. Liberation theology Main article: Liberation theology Liberation theology[33] is a movement in Christian theology which conveys the teachings of Jesus Christ in terms of a liberation from unjust economic, political, or social conditions. It has been described by proponents as an interpretation of Christian faith through the poors suffering, their struggle and hope, and a critique of society and the Catholic faith and Christianity through the eyes of the poor,[34] and by detractors as Christianity perverted by Marxism and Communism.[35] Although liberation theology has grown into an international and inter-denominational movement, it began as a movement within theCatholic Church in Latin America in the 1950s – 1960s. It arose principally as a moral reaction to the poverty caused by social injusticein that region. It achieved prominence in the 1970s and 1980s. The term was coined by the Peruvian priest, Gustavo Gutià ©rrez, who wrote one of the movements most famous books, A Theology of Liberation (1971). According to Sarah Kleeb, Marx would surely take issue, she writes, with the appropriation of his works in a religious contextthere is no way to reconcile Marxs views of religion with those of Gutierrez, they are simply incompatible. Despite this, in terms of their understanding of the necessity of a just and righteous world, and the nearly inevitable obstructions along such a path, the two have much in common; and, particularly in the first edition of [A Theology of Liberation], the use of Marxian theory is quite evident.[36][dead link] Other noted exponents are Leonardo Boff of Brazil, Jon Sobrino of El Salvador, and Juan Luis Segundo of Uruguay.[37][38] Social justice in healthcare Social justice has more recently made its way into the field of bioethics. Discussion involves topics such as affordable access to health care, especially for low income households and families. The discussion also raises questions such as whether society should bear healthcare costs for low income families, and whether the global marketplace is a good thing to deal with healthcare. Ruth Faden and Madison Powers of the Johns Hopkins Berman Institute of Bioethics focus their analysis of social justice on which inequalities matter the most. They develop a social justice theory that answers some of these questions in concrete settings. Social injustices occur when there is a preventable difference in health states among a population of people. These social injustices take on the form of health inequities when negative health states such as malnourishment, and infectious diseases are more prevalent among an impoverished nation.[39] These negative health states can often be prevented by providing social and economic structures such as Primary Healthcare which ensure the general population has equal access to health care services regardless of income level, gender, education or any other stratifying factor. Integrating social justice to health inherently reflects the social determinants of health model without discounting the role of the bio-medical model.[40] [edit]Social justice and human rights education Main article: Human rights education The Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action affirm that Human rights education should include peace, democracy, development and social justice, as set forth in international and regional human rights instruments, in order to achieve common understanding and awareness with a view to strengthening universal commitment to human rights.[41] A general definition of social justice is hard to arrive at and even harder to implement. In essence, social justice is concerned with equal justice, not just in the courts, but in all aspects of society. This concept demands that people have equal rights and opportunities; everyone, from the poorest person on the margins of society to the wealthiest deserves an even playing field. But what do the words â€Å"just† or â€Å"fair† mean, and what defines equal? Who should be responsible for making sure society is a just and fair place? How do you implement policies regarding social justice? Alternately, should you legislate for justice in society or merely rely on the moral compass of society’s members? From a political stance that is leftist, you must legislate to create a just society, and various programs need to exist in order to collect monies needed to even the playing field between rich, middle class, poor and those people who are routinely marginalized by s ociety. Equal rights can be defined as equal access to things that make it possible for people in any societal sector to be successful. Therefore, leftist philosophy would support things like anti-discrimination laws and equal opportunity programs, and would favor taxation, especially of those who make a lot of money, to pay for programs that help provide equality for all. The far left would argue that there are certain basic needs that must be offered to all. These include things like truly equal education and safety in all schools and programs that would help all children have the financial opportunity to attend college. Far left groups, often termed socialist even if they differ from true definitions of socialism, further argue that a just society cannot be had unless everyone has access to food, safe shelter and medical care. The way to achieve this is through taxation and government implementation of programs that will guarantee these things for all people. The right political stance equally endorses a just society, but may criticize those who make poor choices and feel that while equal opportunity should exist, a government should not legislate for this. In fact it is argued that social justice is diminished when governments create programs to deal with it, especially when these programs call for greater taxation. Instead, those who have more money should be encouraged to be philanthropic, not by paying higher taxes, which is arguably unjust. From a religious perspective, you’ll find people all over the political spectrum who argue forsocial justice. Many Christian groups believe that you bring about justice through Christlike actions of mercy, especially those that help people who have been marginalized by society. Islamic perspective on social justice is similar; one of the Five Pillars of Islam is that all must give to the poor. However, certain sects of Islam promote views of women and men as different; women are not equal to and are subservient to men. The postmodern critique on the idea of a just society provokes interesting debate. Can there ever be a just society? Can we ever view all people as inherently equal and entitled to the same rights and privileges? It’s hard to know, since most philosophers would argue that no one has ever created a completely just society, where all people have an even chance. Even in the most socialist nations, there is poverty and unequal distribution of wealth. In societies like the US, which hinge on creating social justice, we have distinct problems, like hungry children, homelessness, and problems with making sure all children receive the same high standard of education. This is no reason to abandon attempting to promote a just society and trying to aim for it. Yet due to the complex nature of society, the US may not ever fully achieve justice for all, and the debate of how to achieve this state is ongoing. â€Å"Social justice is about equality and fairness between human beings. It works on the universal principles that guide people in knowing what is right and what is wrong. This is also about keeping a balance between groups of people in a society or a community. Social justice is an underlying principle for peaceful and prosperous coexistence within and among nations. We uphold the principles of social justice when we promote gender equality or the rights of indigenous peoples and migrants. We advance social justice when we remove barriers that people face because of gender, age, race, ethnicity, religion, culture or disability.† Source: United Nations Our Commitment To Social Justice As Social Justice refers to creating a society that is based on the principles of equality and understanding the value of human rights, it is in direct alignment with our organisational values and philosophy. As an organisation of over 650 staff, we have embraced the Social Justice message and looked at powerful ways to raise awareness and showcase our advocacy for Social Justice throughout the community. FSGA collectively advocates for Social Justice by giving it a regular ‘Day’. Every Wednesday all FSGA staff are encouraged to wear something orange, to remind them of the FSGA value and philosophy and what we are advocating and working towards. The signature of modern leftist rhetoric is the deployment of terminology that simply cannot fail to command assent. As Orwell himself recognized, even slavery could be sold if labeled freedom. In this vein, who could ever conscientiously oppose the pursuit of social justice, i.e., a just society? To understand social justice, we must contrast it with the earlier view of justice against which it was conceived one that arose as a revolt against political absolutism. With a government (e.g., a monarchy) that is granted absolute power, it is impossible to speak of any injustice on its part. If it can do anything, it cant do anything wrong. Justice as a political/legal term can begin only when limitations are placed upon the sovereign, i.e., when men define what is unjust for government to do. The historical realization traces from the Roman senate to Magna Carta to the U.S. Constitution to the 19th century. It was now a matter of justice that government not arrest citizens arbitrarily , sanction their bondage by others, persecute them for their religion or speech, seize their property, or prevent their travel. This culmination of centuries of ideas and struggles became known as liberalism. And it was precisely in opposition to this liberalism not feudalism or theocracy or the ancien rà ©gime, much less 20th century fascism that Karl Marx formed and detailed the popular concept of social justice, (which has become a kind of new and improved substitute for a storeful of other terms Marxism, socialism, collectivism that, in the wake of Communisms history and collapse, are nowunsellable). The history of all existing society, he and Engels declared, is the history of class struggles. Freeman and slave, patrician and plebian, lord and serf oppressor and oppressed, stood in sharp opposition to each other. They were quite right to note the political castes and resulting clashes of the pre-liberal era. The expositors of liberalism (Spencer, Maine) saw their ethic, by establishing the political equality of all (e.g., the abolition of slavery, serfdom, and inequality of rights), as moving manki nd from a society of status to a society of contract. Alas, Marx the Prophet could not accept that the classless millenium had arrived before he did. Thus, he revealed to a benighted humanity that liberalism was in fact merely another stage of Historys class struggle capitalism with its own combatants: the proletariat and the bourgeoisie. The former were manual laborers, the latter professionals and business owners. Marxs classes were not political castes but occupations. Today the terms have broadened to mean essentially income brackets. If Smith can make a nice living from his writing, hes a bourgeois; if Jones is reciting poetry for coins in a subway terminal, hes a proletarian. But the freedoms of speech and enterprise that they share equally are nothing but lies and falsehoods so long as their differences in affluence and influence persist (Luxemburg). The unbroken line from The Communist Manifesto to its contemporary adherents is that economic inequality is the monstrous injustice of the capitalist system, which must be replaced by an ideal of social justice a classless society created by the elimination of all differences in wealth and power. Give Marx his due: He was absolutely correct in identifying the political freedom of liberalism the right of each man to do as he wishes with his own resources as the origin of income disparity under capitalism. If Smith is now earning a fortune w hile Jones is still stuck in that subway, its not because of the class into which each was born, to say nothing of royal patronage. They are where they are because of how the common man spends his money. Thats why some writers sell books in the millions, some sell them in the thousands, and still others cant even get published. It is the choices of the masses (the market) that create the inequalities of fortune and fame and the only way to correct those injustices is to control those choices. Every policy item on the leftist agenda is merely a deduction from this fundamental premise. Private property and the free market of exchange are the most obvious hindrances to the implementation of that agenda, but hardly the only. Also verboten is the choice to emigrate, which removes one and ones wealth from the pool of resources to be redirected by the demands of social justice and its enforcers. And crucial to the justification of a classless society is the undermining of any notion that individuals are responsible for their behavior and its consequences. To maintain the illusion that classes still exist under capitali sm, it cannot be conceded that the haves are responsible for what they have or that the have nots are responsible for what they have not. Therefore, people are what they are because of where they were born into the social order as if this were early 17th century France. Men of achievement are pointedly referred to as the priviliged as if they were given everything and earned nothing. Their seeming accomplishments are, at best, really nothing more than the results of the sheer luck of a beneficial social environment (or even in the allowance of one egalitarian, John Rawls natural endowment). Consequently, the haves do not deserve what they have. The flip side of this is the insistence that the have nots are, in fact, the underpriviliged, who have been denied their due by an unjust society. If some men wind up behind bars, they are (to borrow from Broadway) depraved only because they are deprived. Environmental determinism, once an almost sacred doctrine of official Soviet academe, thrives as the social constructionist orthodoxy of todays anti-capitalist left. The theory of behavioral scientists and their boxed rats serviceably parallels the practice of a Central Planning Board and its closed society. The imperative of economic equality also generates a striking opposition between social justice and its liberal rival. The equality of the latter, weve noted, is the equality of all individuals in the eyes of the law the protection of the political rights of each man, irrespective of class (or any assigned collective identity, hence the blindfold of Justice personified). However, this political equality, also noted, spawns the difference in class between Smith and Jones. All this echoes Nobel laureate F.A. Hayeks observation that if we treat them equally [politically], the result must be inequality in their actual [i.e., economic] position. The irresistable conclusion is that the only way to place them in an equal [economic] position would be to treat them differently [politically] precisely the conclusion that the advocates of social justice themselves have always reached. In the nations that had instituted this resolution throughout their legal systems, different political treatm ent came to subsume the extermination or imprisonment of millions because of their class origins. In our own American mixed economy, which mixes differing systems of justice as much as economics, social justice finds expression in such policies and propositions as progressive taxation and income redistribution; affirmative action and even reparations, its logical implication; and selective censorship in the name of substantive equality, i.e., economic equality disingenuously reconfigured as a Fourteenth Amendment right and touted as the moral superior to formal equality, the equality of political freedom actually guaranteed by the amendment. This last is the project of a growing number of leftist legal theorists that includes Cass Sunstein and Catherine MacKinnon, the latter opining that the law of [substantive] equality and the law of freedom of expression [for all] are on a collision course in this country. Interestingly, Hayek had continued, Equality before the law and material equality are, therefore, not only different, but in conflict with each other a pronouncement that e vidently draws no dissent. Hayek emphasized another conflict between the two conceptions of justice, one we can begin examining simply by asking who the subject of liberal justice is. The answer: a person a flesh-and-blood person, who is held accountable for only those actions that constitute specifically defined crimes of violence (robbery, rape, murder) against other citizens. Conversely, who is the subject of social justice society? Indeed yes, but is society really a who? When we speak of social psychology (the standard example), no one believes that there is a social psyche whose thoughts can be analyzed. And yet the very notion of social justice presupposes a volitional Society whose actions can (and must) be held accountable. This jarring bit of Platonism traces all the way back to Marx himself, who, despite all his anti-Idealistic and anti-Hegelian rhetoric, is really an Idealist and Hegelian asserting, at root, that [Society] precedes and determines the characteristics of those who are [its] members (R.A. Childs, Jr.). Behold leftisms alternative to liberalisms atomistic individualism: reifying collectivism, what Hayek called anthropomorphism or person ification. Too obviously, it is not liberalism that atomizes an entity (a concrete), but social justice that reifies an aggregate (an abstraction). And exactly what injustice is Society responsible for? Of course: the economic inequality between Smith and Jones and Johnson and Brown and all others. But there is no personified Society who planned and perpetrated this alleged inequity, only a society of persons acting upon the many choices made by their individual minds. Eventually, though, everyone recognizes that this Ideal of Society doesnt exist in the real world leaving two options. One is to cease holding society accountable as a legal entity, a moral agent. The other is to conclude that the only practicable way to hold society accountable for its actions is to police the every action of every individual. The apologists for applied social justice have always explained away its relationship to totalitarianism as nothing more than what we may call (after Orwells Animal Farm) the Napoleon scenario: the subversion of earnest revolutions by demented individuals (e.g., Stalin, Mao to name just two among too many). What can never be admitted is that authoritarian brutality is the not-merely-possible-but-inevitable realization of the nature of social justice itself. What is social justice? The theory that implies and justifies the practice of socialism. And what is socialism? Domination by the State. What is socialized is state-controlled. So what is totalitarian socialism other than total socialism, i.e., state control of everything? And what is that but the absence of a free market in anything, be it goods or ideas? Those who contend that a socialist government need not be totalitarian, that it can allow a free market independent choice, the very source of inequality! in some things (ideas) and not in others (goods as if, say, books were one or the other), are saying only that the socialist ethic shouldnt be applied consistently. This is nothing less than a confession of moral cowardice. It is the explanation for why, from Moscow to Managua, all the rivalries within the different socialist revolutions have been won by, not the democratic or libertarian socialists, but the totalitarians, i.e., those who dont qualify their socialism with antonyms. Totalitarian socialism is not a variation but a redundancy, which is why half-capitalist hypocrites will always lose out to those who have the courage of their socialist convictions. (Likewise, someone whose idea of social justice is a moderate welfare state is someone whos willing to tolerate far more social injustice than hes willing to eliminate.) What is social justice? The abolition of privacy. Its repudiation of property rights, far from being a fundamental, is merely one derivation of this basic principle. Socialism, declared Marx, advocates the positive abolition of private property [in order to effect] the return of man himself as a social, i.e., really human, being. It is the private status of property meaning: the privacy, not the property that stands in opposition to the social (i.e., socialized, and thus really human) nature of man. Observe that the premise holds even when we substitute x for property. If private anything denies mans social nature, then so does private everything. And it is the negation of anything and everything private from work to worship to even family life that has been the social affirmation of the socialist state. What is social justice? The opposite of capitalism. And what is capitalism? It is Marxs coinage (minted by his materialist dispensation) for the Western liberalism that diminished state power from absolutism to limited government; that, from John Locke to the American Founders, held that each individual has an inviolable right to his own life, liberty, and property, which government exists solely to secure. Now what would the reverse of this be but a resurrection of Oriental despotism, the reactionary increase of state power from limited government to absolutism, i.e., totalitarianism, the absolute control of absolutely everything? And what is the opposite the violation of securing the life, liberty, and property of all men other than mass murder, mass tyranny, and mass plunder? And what is that but the point at which theory ends and history begins? And yet even before that point before the 20th century, before publication of the Manifesto itself there were those who did indeed make the connection between what Marxism inherently meant on paper and what it would inevitably mean in practice. In 1844, Arnold Ruge presented the abstract: a police and slave state. And in 1872, Michael Bakunin provided the specifics: [T]he Peoples State of Marx will not content itself with administering and governing the masses politically, as all governments do today. It will also administer the masses economically, concentrating in the hands of the State the production and division of wealth, the cultivation of land, the establishment and development of factories, the organization and direction of commerce, and finally the application of capital to production by the only banker the State. All that will demand an immense knowledge and many heads overflowing with brains in this government. It will be the reign of scientific intelligence, the most aristocratic, despotic, arrogant, and elitist of all regimes. There will be a new class, a new hierarchy of real and counterfeit scientists and scholars, and the world will be divided into a minority ruling in the name of knowledge, and an immense ignorant majority. And then, woe unto the mass of ignorant ones! It is precisely this new class that reflects the defining contradiction of modern leftist reality: The goal of complete economic equality logically enjoins the means of complete state control, yet this means has never practically achieved that end. Yes, Smith and Jones, once socialized, are equally poor and equally oppressed, but now above them looms an oligarchy of not-to-be-equalized equalizers. The inescapable rise of this new class privileged economically as well as politically, never quite ready to wither away forever destroys the possibility of a classless society. Here the lesson of socialism teaches what should have been learned from the lesson of pre-liberal despotism that state coercion is a means to no end but its own. Far from expanding equality from the political to the economic realm, the pursuit of social justice serves only to contract it within both. There will never be any kind of equality or real justice as long as a socialist elite stands behind the trigger w hile the rest of us kneel before the barrel. Further Reading The contemporary left remains possessed by the spirit of Marx, present even where hes not, and the best overview of his ideology remains Thomas SowellsMarxism: Philosophy and Economics, which is complemented perfectly by the most accessible refutation of that ideology, David Conways A Farewell to Marx. Hayeks majestic The Mirage of Social Justice is a challenging yet rewarding effort, while his The Road to Serfdom provides an unparalleled exposition of how freedom falls to tyranny. Moving from theory to practice, Communism: A History, Richard Pipes slim survey, ably says all that is needed.

BIM-Based 3D Reconstruction Technology

BIM-Based 3D Reconstruction Technology Optimization Model of BIM-based three-dimensional reconstruction technology and engineering model of visual perception Keywords: Three-dimensional reconstruction, visual perceptual model, engineering optimization, modeling, analysis. Abstract.Vision-based reconstruction is still there is a big limitation. Through its research-based approach introduces the primary visual three-dimensional reconstruction techniques, advantages and disadvantages of various methods were compared, it is desirable in this area can have a more comprehensive grasp, to further clarify the direction of future research. In order to improve the efficiency of the design and construction of bridge engineering, building information modeling (BIM) is introduced into the bridge project in the past. By analyzing the characteristics of bridge design and construction and the problems proposed bridge design and construction BIM-based optimization solutions, including preliminary design optimization, optimization of construction design, construction process optimization, optimization of the construction schedule and construction management optimization, combined with practical engineering project the applicability and effect analysis. Case application shows, BIM Bridge Project is applicable, can provide effective support for the bridge design and construction, thereby reducing rework and improve efficiency. The study may be large or complex bridge engineering BIM improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the design and construction of reference. Introduction The relevant information and data building information model is based on building projects as the basis for the model, building model were established by the real information of the digital information simulation building has, it has the visibility, coordination, simulated sex, optimality and showing of five characteristics. The BIM technology in the field of bridge engineering construction is currently in the early stages, preliminary exploration in the design, construction, and post-operation maintenance and repair of the entire life cycle of how to use BIM technology to improve design efficiency, improved design quality, strengthen the construction organization and post operations management, specific method and the application of BIM technology can bring benefits, hoping to BIM in bridge engineering to develop ideas. In recent years, domestic construction projects in the field of non-BIM is none other than the hottest technology in the construction industry has achieved good results after the application, the state began to vigorously promote the railway, highway, water conservancy and hydropower industry application of BIM technology in fields such as engineering, and bridge engineering in the construction field and a large proportion, especially high-speed railway, mountain railway, roads, bridges, often accounting for a larger significance in bridge engineering applications BIM technology on the entire major project, the paper will design, three stages of construction, operation and maintenance of the latter part of the project life cycle are the practical application of research needs and the effect of BIM technology. In recent years, should the needs of economic development, large, extra large bridge project more and more, such as China, Hangzhou Bay Bridge, the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge, which bridge design and construction of a higher requirement. Bridge construction project not only involves complex geographical environment, and involves a number of complex projects, the most typical is the Steel Bridge. Currently, the design of large bridge projects usually rely on the traditional two-dimensional drawings and graphs to analyze the design by closing existing in conflict; construction planning is largely dependent on the experience of project managers to develop and implement, and is also a two-dimensional drawings to show. However, since the bridge project their own characteristics, its design complexity, component many rely solely on the traditional two-dimensional drawings difficult to detect in advance or found conflicts existing in the design; these design problems usually can be found in the construction phase, thus affecting the construction schedule and cost, will also affect construction safety. At the same time, in order to resolve the problem of engineering design and construction, we had to deploy more staff, which is also a significant increase in management costs. Therefore, to ensure the feasibility of the bridge may be constructed of engineering design and construction programs for efficient implementation of the bridge project is very important. Preliminary design stage is divided into two stages of design and post-design, including pre-design project approval, feasibility studies and scheme comparison and other parts, three-dimensional solid model of the bridge by using parametric modeling tools can be easily established according to the actual need to adjust the size, and the actual effect of the bridge into the real-time dynamic display, to achieve WYSIWYG, can intuitively design concept, design effects directly model the three-dimensional visualization of the project as a carrier to deliver policy-makers, which greatly facilitate the adjustment of the design, be revised in accordance with amendments and rendering, and cost control by adding information to keep abreast of changes after the investment increases and decreases, so that the bridge-bridge quickly determine preliminary program is very convenient and efficient. Figure 1 is a railway bridge stayed Bridge main bridge model, we need to establish a special bridge st ructure according to the characteristics of the family library for complex bridge structure using three-dimensional expression of BIM model than the traditional two-dimensional drawings clearer and easier to understand. The Proposed Methodology Three-dimensional modeling techniques.The use of modeling software for three-dimensional modeling is commonly used method, but modeling the need to spend a lot of manpower and material resources are often prohibitive, reconstruction effect is often unsatisfactory. Vision-based reconstruction technique to solve this problem and provides a new way of thinking. Three-dimensional vision-based three-dimensional reconstruction technology, which uses computer vision methods of three-dimensional model reconstruction of the object, is the use of a digital camera as the image sensor, the integrated use of image processing, visual computing technologies such as non-contact dimensional measurement, obtaining object using a computer program information. The advantage is that the shape of the object is not restricted to rebuild faster, can achieve automatic or semi-automatic modeling, three-dimensional reconstruction is an important direction of development, can be widely used, including autonomous mobile robot navigation systems, remote sensing and aerospace, industrial fields of automation systems, etc., the economic benefits generated by this technology is very impressive. As an important branch of computer vision technology, vision-based three-dimensional reconstruction of Marr visual theoretical framework is based on the formation of a variety of theoretical approaches. For example, according to the number of cameras can be divided into monocular vision method, binocular vision method, three monocular vision or monocular vision method; according to different principles, vision-based method can be divided into regions, feature-based visual method , model-based and rule-based visual methods; according to the obtained data the way, can be divided into active and passive visual method visual method. Figure.1 Three dimensional reconstruction technique According to research at home and abroad in recent years, were selected based on visual presentation of three-dimensional reconstruction of research and practical application of several methods and more comparative analysis, pointed out the main challenges for the future and the future direction of development. Depending on the number of cameras to use, this article will be divided into three-dimensional reconstruction method based on the visual method of monocular vision, binocular vision trinocular vision method and three methods were introduced, focusing on the monocular vision method. Monocular vision method.Monocular vision method is the use of a camera for three-dimensional reconstruction method. Images used can be a single point of view of single or multiple images can also be a multi-view multiple images. The former is mainly characterized by a two-dimensional image depth information deduced, these features include two-dimensional shading, texture, focus, contour, etc., it is also referred to as X shape recovery method. This simple device structure class methods, the use of single or small number of several images can be reconstructed three-dimensional object model; less than that normally required conditions more idealistic, practical application is not very satisfactory, the effects of reconstruction in general. The latter by matching different images of the same feature points matching using these coordinates in space constraint obtaining information in order to achieve a three-dimensional reconstruction. This method can be implemented in the reconstruction process of camera calibration, to meet the needs of large-scale reconstruction of three-dimensional scene, and in the case of resource-rich image reconstruction is better; the downside is that a greater amount of computing, a long time to rebuild. The following describes several major monocular vision method. Shading method.Shading method, that the brightness of the shape recovery method (SFS). This approach by analyzing image brightness information, using reflected light model, restore the normal to the surface of three-dimensional reconstruction information. Horn in 1970 first proposed the concept SFS methods, and gives a non-linear relationship between the two-dimensional image showing the brightness of each pixel in the corresponding three-dimensional point of law to the reflectance of light and the direction of Partial Differential Equations , the brightness of the equation. However, this method is a SFS under-constrained problem and needs to solve other constraints. Therefore, the traditional method of SFS also based on three assumptions. The main advantage of the brightness of the method is that it can recover from a single image in a more precise three-dimensional model can be applied in addition to mirror the object almost all types of objects. However, the brightness of the reconstruction of relying solely on mathematical calculations, results are poor, but because of the lighting conditions more stringent requirements, the need to know the precise position and orientation of the light source and other information, so that the brightness of the method is difficult to apply in the case of an outdoor scene lighting and other complex three-dimensional reconstruction on. Photometric stereo.Although the shading method to support the reconstruction of three-dimensional model from a single image, but less information is available in a single image, the actual reconstruction of the general effect. So Woodham of SFS method is proposed to improve the photometric stereo. Photometric stereo by a plurality of non-collinear light source to obtain multiple images of the object, and then a different image brightness simultaneous equations, solving the surface normal direction of the object, and ultimately restore the shape of the object. Technically, the use of two light sources can be obtained method object to the information, but the use of multiple sources of data redundancy can be resolved by the shadows and specular reflections caused by such factors can not solve the problem, better robustness, reconstruction effect It can be improved, so the current method basically using a plurality of (four to six) three-dimensional reconstruction of the light source. Photometric stereo advantages and brightness of the same law, the use of multiple images at the same time avoids the problems of ill shading method, and the use of multiple light sources also increased constraints, to improve the accuracy and robustness of the method; it the disadvantage is difficult to apply a mirror surface object and three-dimensional reconstruction of outdoor scenes and objects. Texture law.Humans can surface texture by projection on the retina perceive three-dimensional shape of the object, so the visual image information gradient texture can be used as information for Shape and depth cues. Based on this theory, the analysis can be repeated by surface texture unit image size, the shape, the recovery of the normal object, the depth information to obtain three-dimensional geometric model of the object, i.e., texture profile method for recovery. Texture is the basic theory of law: For a smooth surface and having a repeating texture units covering the object of which, when projected on the two-dimensional image, texture unit on which will be deformed, this deformation is divided into projection distortion (projective distortion ) and perspective shrinkage. Projection distortion so the farther away from the image plane texture unit looks smaller foreshortening distortion and image plane makes an angle greater texture unit looks shorter. Because these two variants can be measured from the image, so it can be analyzed after deformation texture units, reverse strike the surface normal and depth of information, three-dimensional reconstruction. Profile method. This method of contour images of objects through a plurality of angles to give a three-dimensional model of the object. Profile method can be divided based on voxel cone prime three methods based on visual and shell. Figure.2 Visual perception model Conclusion Reconstruction of 3D Vision technology is still in the exploratory stage, the practical application of the various methods is still some distance away from a variety of application needs to be urgently met. Therefore, in the future for a long period of time, we also need to do more intensive research in this field. This study shows that, BIM can provide effective support for the bridge design and construction. This study was expected to provide reference for increasing large, complex bridge design and construction efficiency and effectiveness, as well as assist in the promotion and application of BIM in the field of civil engineering. I believe that with the continuous promotion of theory and technology of BIM, BIM applications in civil engineering will become increasingly widespread, so as to improve their quality, efficiency and management level. Safety-critical structural bridge engineering, maintenance and repair of the late, operations management, file management can take advant age of powerful information technology BIM, visualization capabilities to achieve.